Calcium Silicate

Catalog Number	ACM10101390-2
CAS Number	10101-39-0
Structure
Molecular Weight	116.16 g/mol
Canonical SMILES	[O-][Si](=O)[O-].[Ca+2]
Melting Point	1540°C
Purity	99%
Density	2.9 g/mL at 20°C
Solubility	Insoluble in water.
Storage	Store at room temperature.
Chemical Formula	CaSiO3
EC Number	233-250-6
MDL Number	MFCD00015979
Physical State	Solid
RTECS	VV9170000
WGK Germany	3

Case Study

Calcium silicate cements for laboratory and clinical research

Prati, Carlo, and Maria Giovanna Gandolfi. Dental materials 31.4 (2015): 351-370.

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate cement (CSC) commonly used in endodontic procedures involving pulp regeneration and hard tissue repair, such as pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexification, apexification, perforation repair, and root-end filling. Although MTA has superior laboratory and clinical performance compared to previous endodontic repair cements, MTA has poor handling properties and a long setting time. New CSCs have been commercially launched and marketed to overcome the limitations of MTA. Calcium silicate cements (CSC), including mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), are self-setting hydraulic cements. CSC powders are mainly composed of dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. When the powders are mixed with water, Ca(OH)2 and hydrated calcium silicate are mainly generated, and the mixture forms a viscous colloidal gel (hydrated calcium silicate gel), which eventually solidifies into a hard structure. Calcium silicate cements are commonly used in endodontic procedures involving pulp regeneration and hard tissue repair.
The physicochemical interactions of calcium silicate-based cements with their environment are considered to be the major factors affecting cement biocompatibility, dentin activity, and sealing ability. The biocompatibility of calcium silicate-based cements is similar to that of chemically inert titanium. Upon setting, MTA forms Portland stone. Alkaline pH levels and the fluid surrounding MTA favor hard tissue precipitation. Ca released by MTA enhances osteoblast viability, proliferation, and differentiation, and OH increases the alkalinity of the environment, which is unfavorable for bacterial growth. Calcium silicate-based cements are active biomaterials; that is, they have the ability to induce favorable responses in host tissues. When stored in a simulated extracellular tissue fluid rich in P, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), MTA forms calcium phosphate salts and apatite precipitates on its surface.

Structural studies of gelled calcium silicate systems

Meiszterics, Anikó, et al. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114.38 (2010): 10403-10411.

Calcium silicate ceramics with properties suitable for biomedical applications were synthesized. In the present work, attention was focused on the understanding of the processing-structure relationships. Particular efforts were made to clarify the identification of the Ca-O-Si bonds by spectroscopic methods. The calcium silicate systems were prepared by a sol-gel route, varying the chemical composition, catalyst concentration, and the temperature and time of aging and heat treatment. The processes and phases evolving during the sol-gel process were identified. The bonded systems were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and silicon magic angle spin nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy, and the aggregate structures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.
SAXS measurements were performed on a laboratory device using a 5.4 kW rotating anode X-ray generator and a pinhole X-ray camera, operating at two sample-to-2D detector distances (25 and 109 cm), with the calcium silicate gel covered with a vacuum-sealed foil. The 2D spectra were corrected for parasitic pinhole scattering as well as foil scattering. When evaluating SAXS data, the fractal dimension can be obtained from the slope (μ) of the SAXS curve in the Porod region using a simple power-law expression.

Study on bioactive calcium silicate

Liu, Xuanyong, et al. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 62.8 (2008): 526-529.

Calcium silicate-based ceramics are considered as potential candidates for artificial bones due to their excellent bone bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, they cannot be used as implants under heavy loads due to their poor mechanical properties, especially low fracture toughness. Plasma spraying calcium silicate-based ceramic coatings on titanium alloys can expand their applications to hard tissue replacement under heavy loads. Plasma sprayed wollastonite, dicalcium silicate, and diopside coatings have excellent bone bioactivity and high bonding strength with titanium alloys. These plasma sprayed calcium silicate-based ceramic coatings are expected to be used clinically after extensive and systematic research.
Calcium silicate ceramics have osteoblastic behavior. Bioactive porous calcium silicate scaffolds were studied and their effects on osteoblast-like cell proliferation and differentiation were examined. Osteoblast-like cells were seeded into calcium silicate scaffolds. The results showed that the proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of cells in the scaffolds were improved compared with the β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) control scaffolds. In a particularly interesting study, the same group compared the effects of calcium silicate and β-TCP ceramics on the attachment, proliferation, and early stages of differentiation of rat osteoblast-like cells. Cells were cultured directly on calcium silicate and β-TCP ceramics. Cell attachment, proliferation rate, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were improved on calcium silicate ceramics compared to β-TCP ceramics. Interestingly, elevated calcium and silicon levels in the culture medium were observed throughout the 7-day culture period on calcium silicate. In vivo experiments demonstrated that wollastonite ceramics can be chemically incorporated into the structure of living bone tissue.

Production of precipitated calcium carbonate from calcium silicate

Teir, Sebastian, Sanni Eloneva, and Ron Zevenhoven. Energy Conversion and Management 46.18-19 (2005): 2954-2979.

The potential for reducing CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper industry by calcium carbonation is presented. Current precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) production uses mined crushed calcium carbonate as raw material. CO2 emissions from carbonate calcination can be eliminated if calcium silicate is used instead. A preliminary study was conducted on the feasibility of PCC production from calcium silicate and its potential to replace calcium carbonate as a raw material. Calcium carbonate can be made from calcium silicate by a variety of methods, but only a few have been experimentally verified. The potential and feasibility of these methods as replacements for the current PCC production process were investigated by thermodynamic equilibrium calculations using HSC software and process modeling using Aspen Plus. The results of the process modeling indicate that a process using acetic acid to extract calcium ions is a high potential option for sequestration of CO2 by mineral carbonation.
Five different mineral carbonation processes were investigated for long-term CO2 storage. Only one of the options used calcium silicate as raw material. The scheme uses a silicate carbonation process with calcium silicate as raw material, where basalt is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. The produced calcium hydroxide (via calcium chloride) is dissolved in water and then reacts with CO2 to form calcium carbonate.

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